Clival metastasis refers to the dissemination of malignant cells to the clivus, a central bony structure at the skull base, which can precipitate a spectrum of clinical manifestations. Among these, ...

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown etiology that typically presents as a pulmonary disorder. Hutchinson initially described the condition as a cutaneous disorder in 1869 and ...

The fourth cranial nerve exits the posterior brainstem near the lower margin of the inferior colliculus. An isolated lesion of the trochlear nerve results in failure of downward gaze when the eye is ...

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 118, No. 45 (November 9, 2021), pp. 1-3 (3 pages) Drainage of interstitial fluid and solutes from the brainstem ...

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The brain stem is a portion of the brain made of four distinct sections: the diencephalon, mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. Each of these sections has associated functions which are vital ...

While a sudden coughing fit is a protective reflex to clear the airway, chronic cough can be caused by multiple factors that must be investigated to determine treatment. Cough is just one of several ...

Located on the surface of the temporal lobes, the primary auditory cortex of each hemisphere processes input from the opposite ear. Cranial nerves, however, communicate with both hemispheres. For ...